Wondering how amino acids trigger the anabolic process? Take a close look at scientifically proven facts conducted on the world's best bodybuilders. Protein compounds are constituent elements of all tissues of a living organism. Today you will learn about the synthesis of proteins from amino acids. Protein synthesis reactions take place in all living cells and they are especially active in young cellular structures. In them, protein compounds are synthesized into organelles. In addition, the body contains secretory cells that produce enzyme proteins and hormone proteins.
The required type of protein compound in the DNA is determined. In the DNA of each cell, there is a region that contains information about the structure of a particular protein compound. These areas are called genes. One DNA molecule contains records of hundreds of genes. It should also be noted that DNA also contains a code on the sequence of the participation of amino acids in protein synthesis.
At the moment, scientists have been able to decipher almost the entire DNA code. Now we will try to tell you about it in the most detailed and understandable way. To begin with, each amine has its own region in the DNA molecule, which consists of three consecutive nucleotides.
Let's say an amine such as lysine has a T-T-T sequence, and valine has a C-A-C sequence. You probably know that there are two dozen amines in total. Since combinations of four nucleotides of three are possible, the total number of possible combinations is 64. Thus, there are enough triplets to encode all existing amines.
How does protein synthesis from amino acids proceed?
It should be said right away that the process of producing protein compounds is complex and multistage. It is a chain of reactions that proceed according to the rules of matrix synthesis. Since DNA molecules are located in the nuclei of cells, and the synthesis of protein compounds occurs in the cellular cytoplasm, there must be an intermediary that is able to transfer information from DNA to ribosomes. I-RNA acts as such an intermediary. When talking about protein synthesis from amino acids, it is necessary to distinguish four main stages that take place in different parts of cells.
- 1st stage - i-RNA is synthesized in the nucleus and all information from DNA is completely rewritten to the newly created mediator. Scientists call this process of rewriting code transcription.
- 2nd stage - amines interact with t-RNA, consisting of 3-hanticodones. These molecules define the triplet codon.
- 3rd stage - the process of synthesis of peptide bonds (translation), which takes place in the ribosomes, is activated.
- The 4th stage is the final phase of the synthesis of protein compounds and it is at this moment that the final structure of the protein is formed.
As a result, new protein compounds are obtained that fully correspond to the code written in the DNA molecules.
Chromosomes are a very important element of the cell. They take an active part in the processes of cell division and transfer genetic information from the old generation of cell structures to the new one. Chromosomes are strands of DNA that are linked by proteins. These strands are called chromatids and are composed of histone (the main protein), DNA, and acidic protein compounds.
In cells that do not divide, chromosomes occupy the entire volume of their nucleus. Before the activation of the process of cell division, DNA spiralization occurs and chromosomes at this moment decrease in size. If you look at them at this time through a microscope, then outwardly they will resemble threads connected by a centromere. Any organism has a constant number of chromosomes, and their structure does not change. Note that in somatic cellular structures, chromosomes are always paired, or, more simply, they are the same and thus constitute a pair. These paired chromosomes are called homologous, the set of chromosomes in somatic cells is called diploid. For example, the human body is characterized by a diploid set of 46 chromosomes, which in turn make up 23 pairs. Each of these pairs contains two identical homologous chromosomes.
A man and a woman have 22 identical pairs of chromosomes, and only one pair differs. It is they who are sexual, while the remaining 22 couples are called autosomes. Sex chromosomes are designated by the letters X and Y. In women, a pair of sex chromosomes has the form - XX, and in men, respectively - XY.
Sex cells, unlike somatic ones, have only half of the chromosomes or, in other words, contain one chromosome in each pair. This set is called haploid and develops in the process of cell maturation. We talked about protein synthesis from amino acids in a very superficial way.
For more on protein synthesis, see this video:
